Massive scale of forced conscription
A recent investigation by Human Rights Watch (HRW) reveals that the M23 armed group has forcibly enlisted thousands of individuals across the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Following the capture of strategic hubs like Goma and Bukavu in early 2025, the rebel movement intensified its operations, targeting Congolese soldiers, members of local militias, and ordinary civilians who are now held in makeshift facilities.
Survivors and witnesses describe a ruthless campaign where people are snatched from their homes, off the streets, or even during gatherings at schools and churches. These captives are then moved to military outposts against their will.
Children among the ranks
The findings are particularly alarming regarding the age of those captured, with some victims being as young as 12 years old. Once taken, these minors are subjected to rigorous military and ideological training designed to integrate them into the M23 forces. Resistance is met with extreme measures, as detainees face immediate death threats if they refuse to cooperate with the armed group’s demands.
Appalling conditions in detention centers
The report paints a grim picture of life inside these camps. Overcrowding, a total lack of clean water, and starvation are common. Physical brutality is rampant, and former prisoners recount witnessing fellow captives die from dehydration, malnutrition, or summary executions.
While the total death toll remains difficult to verify, evidence gathered by HRW suggests that hundreds of people may have lost their lives within these abusive detention centers.
Evidence of external involvement
The investigation also brings to light testimonies regarding the presence of Rwandan personnel within the M23 camps. Witnesses identified several officers as Rwandan nationals, noting that some instructors and guards were wearing the official uniforms of the Rwandan defense forces. These claims add further weight to the ongoing regional tensions, despite Kigali consistently denying any direct military support for the rebellion.